As farmers for thousands of years, the Chinese historically followed an ancient lunar calendar. Their festivals have always corresponded to the phases of the moon and the planting cycles.
Historical records show that the Wo Hing Society membership traditionally celebrated eight cultural events: Chinese New Year, Moon Festival, Ching Ming, Chong Yang (Ancestors’ Day), Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring festivals. The most significant event is Ching Ming or Pai San, which has been celebrated by Wo Hing Society since its founding.
Celebrations were usually marked by fireworks, food and hospitality. A 1905 account in The Maui News described the Chinese New Year festivities: “Plenty of powder was burned, illuminations turned night into day, and bountiful dinners were served in several places. Flags were displayed at the Wo Hing Club House…The Chinese families were very liberal in extending hospitalities to persons of other nationalities.”
Based on the lunar calendar, the Chinese New Year usually occurs between January 21 and February 20. It signifies the end of the farming year and the beginning of the new season—a celebration of springtime.
Holiday preparations include decorating houses with “Nin Wah”—New Year’s hopes written on small red papers. People clean their houses, pay off debts, forgive grudges, shop for new clothes, and ensure a fresh start for the New Year. The holiday is marked by feasting, visiting and handing out red envelopes containing money. Each community organizes a Lion Dance, accompanied by drums, gongs and firecrackers.
The Lion Dance is one of the most important traditions at Chinese New Year. In Chinese culture, the lion symbolizes power, wisdom and superiority. Lion dances are performed (usually by two dancers in a lion costume) at Chinese festivals to bring about good fortune and prosperity in the upcoming year, and to chase away evil spirits.
Pai San or Ching Ming, the Chinese Memorial Day, literally means “clear and bright.” It is also called Hang San—a day for remembering and paying respect to one’s ancestors. Usually held from April 5 to May 4, the celebration can be traced back 2,000 years to the Han Dynasty.
Here in Hawai‘i, people choose a day in April to honor their ancestors. They visit the cemetery, clean the plots and tend the gravestones. With incense, banners and special foods, they make offerings to the ancestors, and a priest performs a traditional ceremony, followed by the auspicious burning of gold and silver money. Afterwards, they celebrate with a feast.
The Wo Hing Society has held a Pai San ceremony every year since 1900 at the Pu‘upiha Chinese cemetery near Mala Wharf.
Early on the morning of April 6, 2003, Wo Hing Society officers and members cleaned the gravestones of Pu‘upiha Chinese cemetery near Mala Wharf and began to make offerings. This Lahaina Pai San ceremony was especially significant, as a Taoist priest came to preside over the event.
The priest explained the meanings behind each element of the ritual. The offering of two candles represents the sun and the moon, according to the Taoist teaching of balance and harmony. Lighting the incense is to welcome the ancestors’ spirits to join the ceremony.
The priest complimented the Wo Hing Society for the very high quality and completeness of offerings for the ceremony. He described the temple building as well restored and explained the historical perspective of the temple and society hall and the significance of different altars in the temple.
After making offerings of incense, candles, rice wine, tea, fruits, chicken, roast pig, rice, cookies and flowers at the graves, the members ceremonially burned gold and silver paper money (folded to represent bullion), to assure that the ancestors were adequately provisioned for the next year. Afterwards, they removed all the items to the temple for another offering.
This particular Pai San ceremony was a culturally supportive effort with long-lasting meaning for members and the community.
No matter if they came from 50 different clans and spoke many different dialects, Chinese gathering at the Wo Hing Society hall would find a way to come together—and often with food as the center.
Construction of a cookhouse in the backyard not only provided a more fire-safe location for the kitchen, but created a hub for families. When hosting events for hundreds of people, adults would cook in huge woks and steamers over a wood fire, and children would do the dishes—proving the Chinese ideal of the kitchen as center of family life.
Chinese culinary influences continue to pervade Hawai‘i’s local cooking today. Manapua, or Chinese bao—a bread dumpling with a meatfilled center—was once hawked by sellers on street corners. Today manapua remains a favorite lunch or snack, especially filled with char siu, Chinese-style BBQ pork.
The most distinctive food of the Moon festival, moon cakes (yueh ping) are sweet round cakes filled with sesame seeds, melon and lotus seeds, or bean paste. A golden yolk from a salted duck egg is placed at the center of each cake.
Another favorite, li hing mui came to Hawai‘i in the form of salty and sour plums, dried and eaten by Chinese plantation workers. Today these plums are usually pickled in a variety of ingredients, boiled, stored and ground into li hing mui powder, which is then added to Hawaiian dishes from shave ice to chicken.
Cantonese cuisine gave to Hawai‘i the stir fry, now a common meal for local households, mixing bits of meat and vegetables with rice. In addition, sweet-and-sour and dim sum dishes, saimin and dumplings are all delicious Chinese additions to island cuisine—not to mention the Chinese herbs, spices and flavors that accent many local dishes.
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On August 8, 2023 the Wo Hing Society Hall & Cookhouse burned down during the wildfires that swept through Lahaina Town. If you would like to donate, follow the link below.